swine influenza

Swine Influenza (swine flu) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza that regularly cause outbreaks of influenza among pigs. Swine flu viruses do not normally infect humans, however, human infections with swine flu do occur, and cases of human-to-human spread of swine flu viruses has been documented.

Swine influenza virus (referred to as Swine influenza viruses or SIV) refers to influenza cases that are caused by Orthomyxoviruses endemic to populations of pigs. SIV strains isolated to date have been classified either as Influenzavirus C or one of the various subtypes of the genus Influenzavirus A.

Swine flu infects people every year and is found typically in people who have been in contact with pigs, although there have been cases of person-to-person transmission. Symptoms include: fever, disorientation, stiffness of the joints, vomiting, and loss of conciousness ending in death. Influenza A virus subtypes H1N1, H1N2, H3N1 and H3N2 are all known to cause SIV infections. and H2N3.

In swine, three influenza A virus subtypes (H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2) are circulating throughout the world. In the United States, the H1N1 subtype was exclusively prevalent among swine populations before 1998; however, since late August 1998, H3N2 subtypes have been isolated from pigs. Most H3N2 virus isolates are triple reassortants, meaning that it contains genes from human (HA, NA, and PB1), swine (NS, NP, and M), and avian (PB2 and PA) lineages.
In March and April 2009, more than 1,000 cases of swine flu in humans were detected in Mexico, and more than 80 deaths are suspected to have a connection with the virus. As of April 25, 2009 19:30 EDT there are 11 laboratory confirmed cases in the southwestern United States, New York City metropolitan area, and in Kansas. Following a series of reports of isolated cases of swine flu, the first announcement of the outbreak in Mexico was documented on April 23, 2009. Some of the cases have been confirmed by the World Health Organization to be due to a new genetic strain of H1N1. The new strain has been confirmed in 16 of the deaths and 44 others are being tested as of April 24, 2009. The Mexican fatalities are said to be mainly young adults, a hallmark of pandemic flu.

The new strain appears to be a recombinant between two older strains. Preliminary genetic characterization found that the hemagglutinin (HA) gene was similar to that of swine flu viruses present in U.S. pigs since 1999, but the neuraminidase (NA) and matrix protein (M) genes resembled versions present in European swine flu isolates. Viruses with this genetic makeup had not previously been found to be circulating in humans or pigs, but there is no formal national surveillance system to determine what viruses are circulating in pigs in the U.S.
The symptoms of swine flu in people are expected to be similar to the symptoms of regular human seasonal influenza and include fever, lethargy, lack of appetite and coughing. Some people with swine flu also have reported runny nose, sore throat, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
Influenza viruses can be directly transmitted from pigs to people and from people to pigs. Human infection with flu viruses from pigs are most likely to occur when people are in close proximity to infected pigs, such as in pig barns and livestock exhibits housing pigs at fairs. Human-to-human transmission of swine flu can also occur. This is thought to occur in the same way as seasonal flu occurs in people, which is mainly person-to-person transmission through coughing or sneezing of people infected with the influenza virus. People may become infected by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose.
There are four different antiviral drugs that are licensed for use in the US for the treatment of influenza: amantadine, rimantadine, oseltamivir and zanamivir. While most swine influenza viruses have been susceptible to all four drugs, the most recent swine influenza viruses isolated from humans are resistant to amantadine and rimantadine. At this time, CDC recommends the use of oseltamivir or zanamivir for the treatment and/or prevention of infection with swine influenza viruses.

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singapore influenza

Singapore flu is actually the disease in the world of medicine known as hand, foot and mouth disease (HMFD).
HMFD disease is an infection disease caused by RNA viruses that enter in the family Picornaviridae, genus Enterovirus.HMFD caused most often on outpatient is Coxsackie A16, and that often require treatment because the situation is more serious complications or death is up to enterovirus 71 .
this disease is highly infectious and often occur in the summer. This disease usually attacks children. adults are generally immune to the enterovirus.transmission of this disease trough direct contact from person to person through droplet, runny nose, saliva, feces, fluid from vesikel or contact ekskreta.transmission non directly through the goods, towels, clothing, cutlery, toys that contaminated by the ekskreta.this disease does not have vectors but there are carier such as fly. This disease has a specific immunity, but children can be affected by this disease again by other enterovirus strain.
the symptoms ofthis disease this disease is not a high fever 2-3 days, followed by neck pain (pharingitis), no appetite, runny nose, flu like symptoms. vesikel that arise and then broken into ulkus in the mouth such as stomatitis,difficult to swallow. then the rash / vesikel is appear or non itching papulovesikel in the hands and feet, sometimes rash on the buttocks. disease improved in the 7-10 days.
in infants / children with serious symptoms or with complications should be treated in the hospital.
serious symptoms include:
- Hiperpireksia
- Fever does not go down
- Tachicardia
- Tachipneu
- anoreksia, vomiting or diarrhea with dehydration
- Lethargia
- Pain in the neck, arms and legs
- Spastic convulsions
disease complications are:
- Meningitis
- Enchepalitis
- Myocarditis
- Paralisis acute flaksid

Singapore is actually the flu disease in the world of medicine known as hand, foot and mouth disease (HMFD) or disease feet, hands and mouth (KTM).
KTM disease is an infection disease caused by RNA viruses that enter in the family Picornaviridae, genus Enterovirus.Penyebab KTM most often on outpatient is Coxsackie A16, and that often require treatment because the situation is more serious complications or death is up to enterovirus 71 .
this disease is highly infectious and often occur in the summer. This disease usually attacks children. adults are generally immune to the enterovirus.
of this disease mmelalui direct contact from person to person through droplet namely, runny nose, saliva, feces, fluid from vesikel or contact ekskreta.penularan not directly through the goods, towels, clothing, cutlery, toys that terkontaminasi by sekresi itu.pada disease This does not have but there are vectors of / carier such as fly and kecoa. This disease has a specific immunity, but children can be affected by this disease again vrus other enterovirus strain.
description clinic first began this disease is not a high fever 2-3 days, followed by neck pain (pharingitis), no appetite, runny nose, flu like symptoms. vesikel that arise and then broken into ulkus in the mouth such as pain sariawan terrace difficult to swallow. that arise with the same rash / vesikel or rash, itching papulovesikel not in the hands and feet. sometimes rash / rash on the buttocks. disease improved in the 7-10 days.
in infants / children with serious symptoms or with complications should be treated in the hospital.
serious symptoms include:
- Hiperpireksia
- Fever does not go down go down
- Tachicardia
- Tachipneu
- Lazy to eat, vomiting or diarrhea with dehydration
- Lethargia
- Pain in the neck, arms and legs
- Spastic convulsions
disease complications are:
- Meningitis
- Enchepalitis
- Myocarditis
- Paralisis acute flaksid

Treatment:
o Rest enough
o no specific Medicine.
o Can be provided:
-IV Immunoglobulin (IGIV), in patients imunocompromise or neonatus
-Extracorporeal Membrane oxygenation.
o Medicine simptomatik:
-Antiseptic mouthwash
-Analgesic eg paracetamol
-Fluid to rehydration
0 other suportif medicine (diet etc.)
This disease is self limiting diseases that healed in 7-10 days, patients need to rest because the immunity is decrease. Patients with complication and worse symptom must treated in hospital.
DISEASES PREVENTION AND CONTROL:
This disease often occurs in people with bad sanitation. Prevention of disease is to eliminate overcrowding, maintaining cleanliness (Sanitation and Hygiene) and individual environment eg hand-washing, decontamination of food equipment, toys, towels that contaminated.
the children does not need to attend school for one week after the rash arising lost. Patients do not actually need to be deported because virus still take several weeks after symptoms disappear, it is important to maintain the hygiene of individuals.
Universal Precaution in the hospital should be implemented.
This disease can not be prevented with a vaccine (immunization)

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